When should a follow-up virologic test be performed for an HIV-exposed infant?

Performing a follow-up virologic test within 48 hours of birth for an HIV-exposed infant is crucial because it allows for the early detection of HIV infection. At this early stage, the infant has not yet developed antibodies against HIV, and any viral load present can be detected through nucleic acid testing. This immediate testing is critical to ensure timely interventions can occur if the infant is found to be HIV positive. Early identification enables healthcare providers to initiate antiretroviral therapy sooner, which can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection in infants.

While other timeframes have merit, they are focused on monitoring later stages of potential infection or determining the efficacy of preventive measures taken during pregnancy or delivery. The key point is that virologic tests performed shortly after birth are essential for establishing a diagnosis at a time when it is most actionable.